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RAF HELICOPTERS

The RAF A109SP refers to the AgustaWestland A109SP, a version of the AgustaWestland A109 helicopter, which has been used by several military forces, including the Royal Air Force (RAF). The A109SP is an advanced, light utility helicopter that provides versatility in a wide range of roles, from transport to search and rescue (SAR) operations, and other missions that require high performance and reliability in demanding environments.

Key Details about the RAF A109SP:

1. Role and Purpose:

  • The RAF A109SP is used in a variety of roles, including VIP transport, search and rescue, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), light transport, and utility operations.

  • As a multi-role helicopter, the A109SP is capable of adapting to different missions and can be used to carry personnel, medical teams, or cargo, while also being capable of operating in urban, mountainous, or maritime environments.

  • The RAF A109SP is primarily used in light transport and search and rescue roles, providing fast response and effective mobility in various operational conditions.

2. Design and Development:

  • The A109 helicopter family was developed by AgustaWestland, a joint venture between Agusta (Italy) and Westland Helicopters (UK). It is a highly versatile, lightweight twin-engine helicopter known for its speed, performance, and reliability.

  • The A109SP variant is a more modern, enhanced version of the A109 family, featuring upgrades such as improved avionics, more powerful engines, and modernized systems.

  • The A109SP is designed with a high degree of flexibility, offering a spacious cabin that can accommodate a variety of payloads, including passengers, medical equipment, or cargo. It is also equipped with modern fly-by-wire controls for enhanced maneuverability and operational ease.

3. Key Features and Performance:

  • Engines: The A109SP is powered by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW207C engines, providing increased power and reliability compared to earlier versions. These engines allow the helicopter to carry heavy loads and operate in challenging environments, even at higher altitudes and in extreme conditions.

  • Speed: The A109SP can achieve a maximum speed of approximately 160 knots (185 mph or 300 km/h), making it one of the faster light utility helicopters in its class. This speed is particularly useful in time-sensitive operations such as search and rescue and medical evacuations.

  • Range: The helicopter has an operational range of around 350 nautical miles (650 km), which enables it to perform missions over a wide area without the need for frequent refueling.

  • Capacity: The A109SP can carry up to 6 passengers or a combination of passengers and cargo. It has a spacious interior, with flexible seating arrangements and the ability to carry litters for medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) missions.

  • Avionics: The helicopter is equipped with advanced avionics systems, including GPS, flight management systems, and automated controls, which enhance the safety and efficiency of operations.

4. Operational History:

  • The RAF A109SP is part of the RAF’s fleet for specialized operations, particularly in search and rescue (SAR) and transportation roles. It serves as a versatile helicopter for both peacetime and combat-related missions.

  • The A109SP has been used by several countries’ air forces and other military and paramilitary units worldwide for various roles, including VIP transport, medical evacuations, and special operations.

  • The helicopter has been involved in missions in a range of challenging environments, including mountainous terrain, urban areas, and maritime operations.

5. Advantages:

  • High Performance: The A109SP offers excellent speed, maneuverability, and range for a light helicopter, making it ideal for rapid-response operations. It is capable of performing in a wide range of weather conditions and environments.

  • Versatility: The A109SP can quickly be adapted to a variety of roles. It has been used in VIP transport, search and rescue, medical evacuation, light transport, and surveillance.

  • Compact and Agile: The relatively compact size of the A109SP makes it ideal for operating in confined spaces, such as small helipads, ship decks, or heavily populated urban areas. Its agility allows it to quickly navigate through tight environments.

  • Modernization: The A109SP is equipped with modern avionics and improved engines, providing both better reliability and increased operational capacity compared to older helicopters.

6. Future and Upgrades:

  • The RAF A109SP is expected to remain in service for a considerable period, with maintenance and upgrades to ensure its continued relevance and efficiency in the RAF’s operational roles.

  • As part of modernization efforts, the A109SP could see further improvements in avionics, communications systems, and mission-specific equipment to adapt to evolving operational needs.

  • The A109SP may also continue to be integrated with other RAF aircraft for joint operations in complex military or humanitarian missions.

Conclusion:

The RAF A109SP is a highly capable, multi-role helicopter that offers a combination of speed, agility, and flexibility for a wide variety of missions. Whether used for VIP transport, search and rescue, medical evacuations, or light transport, the A109SP is well-suited for demanding operations in both peacetime and combat environments. Its advanced avionics, powerful engines, and high operational capabilities make it an essential asset for the Royal Air Force in its ongoing missions to provide both combat support and humanitarian aid across the globe.

The RAF Chinook is a twin-engine, tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopter operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Chinook is one of the most versatile and widely used helicopters in the world, renowned for its ability to carry large loads in a variety of challenging environments. The RAF Chinook is specifically designed for cargo transport, troop deployment, special operations, and humanitarian relief.

Key Details about the RAF Chinook:

1. Role and Purpose:

  • The RAF Chinook is primarily used for heavy-lift transport and is capable of carrying large and heavy loads of both personnel and cargo. It is commonly used to transport military equipment, vehicles, and supplies to and from operational areas, often in difficult-to-reach locations.

  • The Chinook also plays a significant role in aerial resupply, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), special forces operations, and search and rescue. The helicopter's versatility allows it to support a wide range of missions, from combat operations to humanitarian aid efforts.

  • It is particularly known for its ability to operate in harsh conditions, including extreme weather, mountainous terrain, and over water.

2. Design and Development:

  • The Chinook is based on the Boeing CH-47, a design that dates back to the 1960s. The RAF operates an upgraded version of the helicopter, known as the CH-47D and CH-47F variants, which have modernized systems, more powerful engines, and updated avionics.

  • The tandem rotor design of the Chinook provides exceptional lifting power, stability, and control, even in adverse conditions. This design also enables the aircraft to operate in tight spaces, such as small landing zones or rough terrain, and provides efficient lift capabilities for large cargo and personnel.

3. Key Features and Performance:

  • Engines: The RAF Chinook is powered by two Honeywell T55-GA-714A turboshaft engines, which provide the necessary power for its heavy-lift capabilities. These engines enable the Chinook to carry heavy loads, even in challenging environments such as high-altitude or hot conditions.

  • Maximum Load: The Chinook can carry a payload of up to 10 tons (20,000 lbs) internally or externally via a cargo hook. It can transport large vehicles, equipment, and troops over long distances.

  • Speed and Range: The maximum speed of the Chinook is around 170 knots (195 mph, 315 km/h), with an operational range of about 400 nautical miles (740 km). The helicopter can remain airborne for extended periods, making it an essential asset for sustained operations in remote or hostile areas.

  • Interior Configuration: The Chinook’s interior can be configured to carry a wide variety of cargo, including heavy equipment, military vehicles, and personnel. It has ample cargo space and the flexibility to accommodate up to 55 passengers or a mix of passengers and equipment. The cabin can also be adapted to carry medical teams and litters for evacuation missions.

  • Avionics and Systems: The RAF Chinook is equipped with modern avionics, including night vision systems, radar, and advanced navigation equipment, ensuring that it can operate in a variety of weather conditions and at night. The digital cockpit enables efficient mission planning and control.

4. Operational History:

  • The RAF Chinook has been a crucial asset for the UK’s military since it was introduced in 1980, and it has been used in a wide range of missions both in combat and humanitarian contexts.

  • The Chinook has played an integral role in NATO operations and has been involved in numerous conflict zones, including the Falklands War, the Gulf War, the Iraq War, the War in Afghanistan, and counterterrorism operations around the globe.

  • The Chinook is often used for rapid deployment, moving large numbers of troops or essential supplies quickly into hostile or remote areas. It has been extensively involved in air mobility and logistical operations, as well as aerial insertion of special forces.

  • In addition to its military role, the Chinook has been deployed for disaster relief and humanitarian missions, including earthquake relief and flood rescue operations.

5. Advantages:

  • Heavy Lift Capability: One of the key advantages of the RAF Chinook is its ability to carry exceptionally large and heavy loads, which allows it to perform roles that no other helicopter in the RAF fleet can match. This includes transporting large vehicles, armored personnel carriers, and artillery.

  • Versatility: The Chinook can carry out a wide variety of missions, ranging from combat support to humanitarian aid. It can operate in a range of environments, from mountainous terrain to desert areas, jungles, and coastal regions.

  • Rapid Deployment: The Chinook's large cargo capacity and fast speeds allow it to perform rapid resupply and troop deployment. Its ability to carry heavy payloads over long distances enables the RAF to rapidly move assets into areas that are hard to reach by other means, such as road transport or airplanes.

  • All-Weather Capability: The Chinook’s robust design and advanced avionics make it capable of operating in adverse weather conditions. Whether in high winds, snow, rain, or dust storms, the Chinook’s reliability and stability in difficult conditions make it a key asset for operational flexibility.

  • External Cargo Capability: The Chinook’s external load hook allows it to carry large cargo loads that cannot fit inside the cabin, such as military vehicles, artillery, or construction materials. This makes it particularly useful for logistical support in combat zones or disaster areas.

6. Future and Upgrades:

  • The RAF Chinook fleet is continuously upgraded with the latest technology to ensure it remains at the forefront of air mobility and logistical support. This includes updates to avionics, communications systems, and defensive equipment to enhance its survivability and operational capabilities.

  • In particular, the RAF’s Chinook Mk6 variant, introduced in the mid-2010s, is equipped with modern digital cockpit systems, better engines, and advanced self-protection systems. These upgrades ensure that the Chinook Mk6 remains a vital asset in modern operations.

  • The RAF Chinook is expected to remain in service for many more years, playing a crucial role in both combat operations and humanitarian missions.

Conclusion:

The RAF Chinook is a heavy-lift helicopter with exceptional capabilities in both combat and humanitarian operations. Its powerful engines, tandem rotor design, and large cargo capacity make it ideal for transporting heavy loads, deploying troops, and performing complex rescue missions. The Chinook is a cornerstone of the Royal Air Force’s ability to project power, support operations globally, and deliver rapid, flexible mobility in challenging environments. Whether supporting military operations, providing logistical support, or conducting search and rescue, the RAF Chinook continues to be one of the most versatile and reliable helicopters in the world.

The RAF Juno HT1 is a training helicopter used by the Royal Air Force (RAF), part of the Helicopter Flying School based at RAF Shawbury in Shropshire, UK. It is a member of the Airbus Helicopters H135 family, which is a light, twin-engine, multi-role helicopter designed for both civilian and military operations. The RAF Juno HT1 is primarily used for basic helicopter pilot training for the RAF, Army Air Corps, and Royal Navy personnel.

Key Details about the RAF Juno HT1:

1. Role and Purpose:

  • The RAF Juno HT1 is used to train new helicopter pilots in the basics of flying, before they progress to more advanced aircraft for operational flying training.

  • It is designed to teach the fundamentals of helicopter handling, navigation, and basic mission skills in a safe and controlled environment. The Juno HT1 prepares pilots for future training on more complex helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.

  • The Juno HT1 plays a key role in the Royal Air Force’s flight training pipeline, alongside the RAF Griffin HT1 and RAF Squirrel HT1 helicopters, which are also used for training purposes.

2. Design and Development:

  • The Juno HT1 is a military variant of the Airbus H135, which is widely used by various air forces and other organizations around the world for training, air ambulance services, law enforcement, and other roles.

  • The Juno HT1 is designed for safety, maneuverability, and ease of handling, making it ideal for training new pilots. It is equipped with dual controls, allowing instructors to take control in case of emergency or to demonstrate flying maneuvers.

  • The H135 family of helicopters, including the Juno HT1, has a reputation for its reliability, efficiency, and advanced avionics, making it an excellent platform for basic training.

3. Key Features and Performance:

  • Engines: The Juno HT1 is powered by two Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 engines, providing the helicopter with a high level of reliability and performance. These engines offer a balance of power and fuel efficiency, which is important for the demanding hours of training flights.

  • Capacity: The Juno HT1 can carry one pilot and one instructor (with dual controls) as well as two students or a mix of students and equipment in the rear cabin. The rear seats can be reconfigured to accommodate different training setups.

  • Speed and Range: The maximum speed of the Juno HT1 is around 135 knots (155 mph, 250 km/h), and it has an operational range of about 350 nautical miles (650 km). This provides ample capability for long-duration training missions and exercises.

  • Avionics: The Juno HT1 is equipped with modern avionics, including glass cockpit displays, GPS, and flight management systems, which help streamline training and improve pilot situational awareness. The Helionix avionics suite is designed for simplified flight and ease of use, even for trainee pilots.

4. Operational History:

  • The Juno HT1 entered service with the Royal Air Force in 2017 as part of the UK Ministry of Defence’s (MOD) Military Flying Training System (MFTS), which is designed to provide world-class flight training to military pilots across various branches of the armed forces.

  • The helicopter is part of the RAF’s investment in modernizing its fleet of training aircraft, replacing older platforms like the Squirrel HT1 and Griffin HT1 helicopters. This modernization allows for improved training capability with better avionics, safety features, and performance.

  • The Juno HT1 is primarily used by the Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury but can also be used for joint training with the Army Air Corps and Royal Navy, making it a multi-service asset.

5. Advantages:

  • Advanced Training Platform: The Juno HT1 provides an advanced training platform for new helicopter pilots, featuring up-to-date technology and modern systems that prepare them for the challenges of more complex operational aircraft.

  • Safety and Reliability: The dual controls and advanced avionics provide instructors with greater control over training sessions and enhance safety. The Juno HT1’s reliability ensures it is well-suited to the high operational tempo required for flight training.

  • Ease of Handling: The Airbus H135 family is known for its ease of handling, which is critical for trainee pilots who need to build confidence and proficiency in a controlled environment before moving on to more advanced helicopters.

  • Cost-Effective: Compared to larger and more complex helicopters, the Juno HT1 is a relatively cost-effective training solution, reducing operational costs while maintaining high training standards. The H135’s fuel efficiency and lower maintenance needs make it ideal for flight schools.

6. Future and Upgrades:

  • The Juno HT1 fleet is expected to remain in service for many years, continuing to provide fundamental helicopter training for the RAF and other UK military branches.

  • Ongoing maintenance and upgrades will ensure that the Juno HT1 stays compatible with modern flight training systems and technological advancements in aviation.

  • As the RAF continues to modernize its training infrastructure, the Juno HT1 may receive further enhancements in cockpit technology, flight simulation capabilities, and safety systems to ensure it remains at the cutting edge of pilot training.

Conclusion:

The RAF Juno HT1 is a highly capable and versatile training helicopter that plays an essential role in the Royal Air Force’s flight training pipeline. Its advanced avionics, dual control systems, and reliability make it an ideal platform for teaching basic helicopter handling and maneuvering skills. The Juno HT1 provides an efficient, modern, and cost-effective solution for training the next generation of military pilots, ensuring they are well-prepared for more complex aircraft and operational missions. As part of the RAF's modernization of training platforms, the Juno HT1 will continue to be an integral part of the UK's military pilot training for many years to come.

The RAF Jupiter HT1 is another training helicopter used by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It is part of the military training helicopter fleet, offering valuable flying training to the RAF, the Army Air Corps, and the Royal Navy. The Jupiter HT1 is based on the Airbus Helicopters H145 platform, a highly versatile, twin-engine, multi-role helicopter. The RAF Jupiter HT1 is used specifically for basic to advanced helicopter pilot training and plays a crucial role in preparing new pilots for operational missions.

Key Details about the RAF Jupiter HT1:

1. Role and Purpose:

  • The RAF Jupiter HT1 is used for basic and advanced helicopter training. It is specifically designed to train pilots in the skills necessary for flying military helicopters, preparing them for the next step in their training pipeline.

  • It is part of the UK Ministry of Defence’s (MOD) Military Flying Training System (MFTS), which modernizes and streamlines the training of military aviators across multiple branches of the UK Armed Forces.

  • The Jupiter HT1 is used for multi-service training, including the training of RAF, Army, and Royal Navy pilots, enhancing interoperability between services.

2. Design and Development:

  • The Jupiter HT1 is based on the Airbus H145, which is a light twin-engine helicopter designed for both civilian and military uses. The H145 is recognized for its reliability, performance, and advanced technology, making it an ideal platform for military pilot training.

  • The Jupiter HT1 variant is equipped with features specific to its training role, such as dual controls (for the instructor and student), a modern glass cockpit, and advanced avionics that help students familiarize themselves with modern helicopter systems.

  • As a modern training helicopter, it provides a highly effective platform for teaching both basic flying skills and advanced maneuvers.

3. Key Features and Performance:

  • Engines: The Jupiter HT1 is powered by two Arriel 2E engines from Safran, providing a balance of power and fuel efficiency. These engines help the helicopter maintain excellent performance and reliability in varied operational conditions.

  • Capacity: The Jupiter HT1 can carry one instructor and one student in the cockpit, as well as additional equipment in the rear cabin, depending on the mission. The rear cabin can also be configured for specialized training, such as mission systems or flight simulation.

  • Speed and Range: The maximum speed of the Jupiter HT1 is around 140 knots (160 mph, 260 km/h), and it has an operational range of up to 370 nautical miles (685 km), depending on conditions and payload. This range allows for extended training missions over large areas.

  • Avionics and Systems: The Jupiter HT1 is equipped with the Helionix avionics suite, which offers advanced systems for flight management, navigation, and safety. This suite includes features such as GPS, flight path management, and terrain awareness systems, allowing for enhanced situational awareness during training flights. The glass cockpit simplifies the learning process for student pilots, allowing them to focus on flying rather than managing complex systems.

4. Operational History:

  • The RAF Jupiter HT1 is part of the UK Ministry of Defence’s (MOD) fleet of training helicopters, operating as part of the Military Flying Training System (MFTS). The helicopter entered service with the Royal Air Force in 2018, complementing the Juno HT1 and Squirrel HT1 helicopters used for earlier stages of pilot training.

  • The Jupiter HT1 is used primarily at RAF Shawbury, which is the main training base for RAF helicopter pilots. It is used for a variety of training missions, including basic navigation, advanced helicopter handling, and flight in complex environments.

  • The Jupiter HT1 also serves as part of the joint training efforts of the Army Air Corps and Royal Navy, helping to enhance coordination and ensure interoperability across branches of the UK military.

5. Advantages:

  • Advanced Training Capabilities: The Jupiter HT1 offers a modern and advanced training platform for military pilots, with features like the Helionix avionics suite and dual control systems that ensure both instructors and students can safely perform training maneuvers and drills.

  • Safety and Reliability: The Jupiter HT1 is designed with safety in mind, featuring redundant systems for flight controls and navigation. The dual controls allow the instructor to take over if necessary, enhancing safety during complex training exercises.

  • Ease of Handling: The Jupiter HT1 is relatively easy to handle for new pilots, thanks to its precise controls and forgiving flight characteristics, making it an ideal platform for basic and intermediate training.

  • Flexible Training: The Jupiter HT1 can be used for varied training missions, including navigation exercises, formation flying, and aerial maneuvering. Its adaptable nature makes it suitable for training in multiple environments, from open countryside to more complex, urban landscapes.

6. Future and Upgrades:

  • The RAF Jupiter HT1 is expected to continue in service for many years as part of the RAF’s investment in modern flight training systems. Ongoing maintenance and upgrades will ensure that the aircraft remains aligned with the latest in aviation technology.

  • In the future, the Jupiter HT1 may be enhanced with further upgrades to its avionics or training systems to keep pace with technological advancements and to ensure that pilots continue to receive cutting-edge training in preparation for modern helicopter operations.

Conclusion:

The RAF Jupiter HT1 is a highly capable multi-role training helicopter that plays a crucial role in preparing new military pilots for the challenges of operational flight. Based on the Airbus H145, the Jupiter HT1 offers advanced avionics, modern flight systems, and a reliable performance that makes it ideal for training RAF, Army, and Royal Navy pilots. Its advanced technology, safety features, and ease of handling make it an ideal platform for basic to advanced training, helping to ensure that the UK’s military pilots are well-prepared for the challenges they will face in operational service.

The RAF Puma HC2 is a twin-engine, medium-lift helicopter operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). It is primarily used for combat support operations, troop transport, and logistical tasks, and is renowned for its ability to operate in challenging environments. The Puma HC2 is an updated and modernized version of the Aerospatiale Puma, which was originally developed in the 1960s and has been in service with various military forces around the world.

Key Details about the RAF Puma HC2:

1. Role and Purpose:

  • The Puma HC2 is used for air mobility, primarily focused on transporting troops, supplies, and equipment to and from operational areas, particularly in combat zones.

  • It can carry a significant number of passengers (up to 16 fully equipped troops) and heavy equipment, and it is capable of external lifting via a cargo hook.

  • The Puma HC2 also performs search and rescue (SAR), casualty evacuation (CASEVAC), humanitarian relief operations, and close support missions.

2. Design and Development:

  • The Puma HC2 is a modernized version of the original Aerospatiale SA 330 Puma, developed in the 1960s and widely used by various countries' military forces.

  • The RAF Puma HC2 features significant upgrades over earlier versions, including more powerful engines, advanced avionics, modernized cockpit, and improved self-defense systems.

  • The Puma HC2 is equipped with dual controls, allowing the pilot and co-pilot to operate the aircraft effectively during missions, including in adverse weather or combat conditions.

3. Key Features and Performance:

  • Engines: The Puma HC2 is powered by two Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Turmo 1C turboshaft engines, which provide it with the necessary power to lift heavy loads and operate in challenging environments such as high-altitude or hot climates.

  • Capacity: The Puma HC2 can carry up to 16 fully equipped troops or a combination of personnel and equipment. It also has a cargo hook that can lift up to 4,000 kg (8,818 lbs) externally, allowing it to carry larger loads such as vehicles, artillery, or supplies.

  • Speed and Range: The maximum speed of the Puma HC2 is approximately 150 knots (170 mph, 275 km/h), and its operational range is around 400 nautical miles (740 km), depending on the load and conditions.

  • Avionics and Systems: The Puma HC2 features advanced glass cockpit avionics, including digital flight control systems, night vision capabilities, and advanced navigation equipment. This allows the aircraft to operate effectively in day and night conditions and ensures mission success during low-visibility and adverse weather scenarios.

  • The Puma HC2 is also equipped with modern self-protection systems, including flare dispensers and chaff, to help defend against missile threats.

4. Operational History:

  • The RAF Puma HC2 entered service in the mid-1990s when the RAF upgraded a fleet of older SA 330 Puma helicopters, improving their performance and extending their service life.

  • The Puma HC2 was extensively used during the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan, performing a variety of missions ranging from combat support to humanitarian aid and casualty evacuation.

  • The helicopter has seen service in combat zones, supporting NATO operations and British forces, particularly in heliborne operations where rapid deployment of troops and equipment is essential. It has also been used in search and rescue and disaster relief operations.

5. Advantages:

  • Heavy Lift Capability: The Puma HC2 is capable of carrying significant payloads, both internally and externally, allowing it to perform a variety of tasks, including transporting heavy equipment, artillery, and personnel.

  • Combat and Support Role: The Puma HC2 is designed for operations in both combat and humanitarian missions, providing the RAF with a versatile, multi-role helicopter that can be adapted to a wide range of missions.

  • Advanced Technology: The Puma HC2’s modern avionics, including night vision, GPS navigation, and automated flight controls, provide enhanced situational awareness and improve flight safety during complex operations.

  • Operational Flexibility: The Puma HC2 can operate from various environments, including high-altitude locations, desert, jungle, and mountainous terrain, providing vital transport and support in remote areas.

6. Future and Upgrades:

  • While the Puma HC2 was initially expected to be retired by the early 2020s, the aircraft has undergone several upgrades, and its service life has been extended to continue supporting RAF operations.

  • The RAF has focused on ensuring the Puma HC2 fleet remains in good condition through modernization efforts, including upgrading avionics, improving communications systems, and enhancing the self-defense capabilities of the helicopter.

  • Additionally, the Puma HC2 fleet may be subject to further upgrades as new rotary-wing technologies become available, especially with the future integration of advanced mission systems and interoperability with other platforms in the RAF’s evolving fleet.

Conclusion:

The RAF Puma HC2 is a highly versatile, medium-lift helicopter that plays a crucial role in combat operations, logistical support, casualty evacuation, and humanitarian missions. Its modernized design, heavy-lift capabilities, and advanced avionics make it a valuable asset in RAF operations, capable of operating in a variety of environments and situations. While the Puma HC2 has been in service for several decades, ongoing upgrades ensure it remains a reliable and effective asset for the RAF, especially in high-tempo operations requiring rapid mobility of personnel and equipment. The Puma HC2 will continue to serve as a key component of the RAF’s helicopter fleet for the foreseeable future.

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